.
    5.1.5. when the clause or infinitive is used as the object in the active voice, it can’t

be transformed into passive voice.
    for examples:
    (1) mary thought that john was handsome.
    (2) that john was handsome was thought by mary. (f)
    (3) mary hoped to meet him.
    (4) to meet him was hoped by mary. (f)
    sentences (2) and (4) are wrong. the two sentences not only don’t accord with the rules of grammar, but also don’t accord with the language usage.
    5.1.6. when the relation between subject and object is reciprocal, the sentence can be only used in active voice
    5.1.6.1. reciprocal pronouns as objects
    for examples:
    (1) they helped each other.
    (2) each other were helped by them. (f)5.1.6.2. reflexive pronouns as objects
    for examples:
    (1) i saw myself in mirror.
    (2)myself was seen by me in the mirror. (f)
    5.1.7. when the object is cognate object, the active voice can’t be transformed into passive voice.
    for examples:
    (1) they laughed a heavy laugh.
    (2) a heavy laugh was laughed by them. (f)
    (3) he died a heroic death.
    (4) a heroic death was died him. (f)
    on this condition, passive voice doesn’t follow this grammar rule.
    5.1.8. when the relation between object and subject expresses the part and the whole, active voice can’t be transformed into passive voice.
    for examples:
    (1) the doctor shook his head and turned away.
    (2) they encountered a lot of hardships on the long march.
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