5.1.9. if there are double objects in the active voice sentence, indirect object can be transformed into the subject of passive s

entence.
    for examples:
    (1) he gave me an english novel.
    → i was given an english novel. (f)
    → an english novel was given tome. (f)
    (2) she cash me a cheque.
    → i am cashed a cheque. (f)
    → a cheque is cashed for me. (f)
    5.1.10. when the object complement is in the structure “have + sth. done” this object can’t be transformed into the subject of the passive.
    for examples:
    he has his shirts cleaned at the dry-cleaners.
    he has his hair cut.
    you have yourself understood.
    dad had joan called a doctor.
    5.2. semantic-constraints
    the paper discusses on some restrictions of voice transformation. there is another restriction in semantics. the active voice doesn’t totally as the same as the passive voice. so the active and the passive are usually different in semantics. in order to follow the demand of language communication, the active and the passive can’t be transformed into each other.
    5.2.1. as the subject and object transform into each other, the sentence may follow the rules of grammar. sometimes, the active and the passive can’t transform into each other.
    for examples:
    (1) the students will be trained to write notes by studying the passage in detail.
    (2) studying the passage in detail will train the students to write notes.
    5.2.2. the active transforms into the passive, the two sentences vary completely in meaning.
    for examples:
    (1) she can’t teach [转贴于:论文大全网 http://www.11665.comhttps://www.11665.com/foreignlanguage/xsyy/135406.shtml]

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