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2012年度勇敢的思想者

原文作者:刘志良

  在刚刚过去的2012年,又有一些勇敢的思想者在他们各自的领域对传统观念发起挑战。他们或为科学研究而放弃获取财富的机会,或为揭露社会现实而不顾个人名誉受损或生命安危,或力排众议推进教育变革,或甘冒生命危险为崇高的事业而奋斗……社会的变革和新秩序的建立从何而来?也许就从这些勇敢的思想先锋们点燃的星星之火开始。
  jay bradner: research scientist, harvard medical school
  in 2010, after jay bradner made a remarkable breakthrough—the discovery of a molecule that, in mice, appeared to trick certain cancer cells into becoming normal cells—he did something unusual. instead of huddling1) with lawyers to file for2) a patent on the molecule, bradner simply gave his work away. hoping to get the discovery into the hands of any scientist who could advance it, he published the structure of the compound (called jq1) and mailed samples to labs around the world. the move, he says, felt like “the more efficient way to do science—and maybe the more honorable way.”
  the open-source approach bradner adopted is revolutionary in a culture where discoveries are kept secret, often until they can be tested, manufactured, and sold as treatments—a cruelly long process in the face of the cancers he studies.
  the monopoly on developing the molecule that bradner walked away from would likely have been worth a fortune (in 2011, the median3) value for u.s.-based biotech companies was $370 million). now four companies are building on his discovery—which delights bradner, who in 2012 released four new molecules. “for years, drug discovery has been a dark art performed behind closed doors with the shades4) pulled,” he says. “i would be greatly satisfied if the example of this research contributed to a change in the culture of drug discovery.”[论文网]
  khadija ismayilova: journalist, azerbaijan
  ismayilova is one of the only investigative reporters in the oil-rich former soviet republic of azerbaijan. for years she’s reported on corruption within the country’s autocratic ruling family, but her investigation got personal in march, 2012.
  ismayilova had received a letter with threatening instructions: “whore, behave. or you will be defamed.” included were intimate photos, taken inside her home by a hidden camera. a week later, a sex tape of her was released online. in azerbaijan, where reporters are routinely beaten and harassed, and some are even killed, blackmail is a powerful weapon against dissent. in 2010, the sex tape of an opposition newspaper editor effectively ended his career. the ramifications5) for a woman in this conservative country could be even more severe.
  but ismayilova did not hide. instead, she tracked the letter to a moscow post office. she discovered curious wires inside her apartment and then found the phone-company worker hired to install them. government officials dismissed these leads6) and instead released the names and addresses of ismayilova’s friends whom they had questioned. undeterred, ismayilova has vowed to continue reporting for her nightly radio show. “if they meant to stop m

e by this, i can assure you they have been wrong,” ismayilova has said. “they failed to do so.”
  gene powell: chairman, university of texas system board of regents7)
  what sort of populist liberal firebrand8) would set out to slash tuition, prioritize undergraduate instruction over university research, and push to enroll more low-income students? at the university of texas, the firebrand in question isn’t a liberal at all. he’s a conservative republican. powell was appointed to the ut board of regents in 2009 by governor rick perry and became its chairman in 2011.
  as state education spending goes down and tuitions go up across the country, powell has emerged as a champion9) of the movement to rethink how colleges can operate creatively—and, with a boost from education technology, cheaply. he’s called for halving tuition while expanding enrollment. and, echoing a proposal made by perry, powell, a 66-year-old real-estate developer and tech entrepreneur, wants the system to establish a degree that costs $10,000 for all four years.
  unsurprisingly, powell’s reform plans have made waves10). opponents at the flagship11) ut austin campus (powell’s alma mater12)) argue that the school’s once and future reputation as a top research university will be threatened if budget cuts aren’t offset by more tuition revenue. a past president of ut austin cautioned that the proposed changes risk turning the university into “a big junior college.”
  powell didn’t help matters when he likened the $10,000 degree to a chevy bel air13), in contrast to a high-end cadillac. (he later clarified that he was referring to the need for inexpensive degrees at regional campuses.) this kind of talk raises the specter14) of inequity, of course. but a solid bel air approach may be a harbinger15) of progress in an age when too many students settle for16) a yugo17)-quality education.
  fawzia koofi: member of parliament, afghanistan
  in afghanistan, it is sometimes tough to tell the difference between bravery, optimism, and folly. in the past few months, koofi—parliamentarian18), widowed mother of two daughters, and 2014 presidential candidate—has exemplified all three.
  on a platform19) that opposes corruption and supports women’s rights, the 37-year-old koofi—whose politician father was assassinated in 1978, just before the soviet invasion—has launched a rather quixotic20) run for president hamid karzai21)’s job. assassins have stalked her, and even if she survives to election day, her lack of power and supporters will doom koofi’s chance at the polls.

 war has shredded the rights of afghans of both genders, and to be seen primarily as an advocate of just one group—and one as conspicuously22) oppressed as afghan women—does not bode23) well for electoral success. moral success is another matter. in afghanistan, the only noble causes left are the lost ones.
  杰伊·布拉德纳:哈佛大学医学院研究科学家
  2010年,杰伊·布拉德纳实现了重大突破:他发现了一种分子,这种分子在老鼠体内似乎能够诱使某些癌细胞变为正常细胞。wWw.11665.cOM然

后他做了件不同寻常的事:布拉德纳没有与律师碰头商议去申请这种分子的专利,而是把自己的研究公之于众。他希望任何能够推进这项研究的科学家都可以了解这一发现,于是公布了该化合物(名为jq1)的结构,并将样本邮寄给世界各地的实验室。他说他感觉此举是“更有效率的科学研究方式,或许也是更高尚的方式”。
  布拉德纳采取的开源方式是革命性的,迥异于当前的科研文化——在这种文化中,发现是要保密的,往往要经过测试、批量生产、作为治疗方案出售之后才会公开。就布拉德纳所研究的癌症而言,上述过程长得有些无情。
  布拉德纳所放弃的对该分子研发的垄断本来可能会值一大笔钱(2011年,位于美国的生物技术公司的价值中值为3.7亿美元)。现在,有四家公司正以他的发现为基础进行研究。这令布拉德纳很高兴,2012年他公开了四个新的分子。“多年来,药品研发一直是门秘而不宣的技术,要关上门、拉上窗帘来进行,”他说,“如果本研究的范例能够促进药品研发文化的变革,我就很满意了。”
  哈季娅·伊斯马伊洛娃:阿塞拜疆记者
  在盛产石油的前苏联加盟共和国阿塞拜疆,伊斯马伊洛娃是为数不多的调查记者之一。多年来,她一直在报道该国的独裁统治家族的腐败问题,但在2012年3月份,她的调查给自己惹了麻烦。
  伊斯马伊洛娃曾收到一封威胁信:“贱人,检点些,不然你会身败名裂。”信中还有一些亲密照,是由一台隐秘相机在她家里偷拍的。一周后,伊斯马伊洛娃的一段性爱录像被公布在网上。在阿塞拜疆,记者经常遭到殴打和骚扰,有些甚至被杀,要挟是对付异见的有力武器。在2010年,一家反对派报纸的一名编辑的性爱录像被公开,他的职业生涯就此结束。在这个保守的国家,一位女性面临的后果会更严重。
  但伊斯马伊洛娃并没有躲藏。相反,她追查到此信是从莫斯科的一家邮局寄出的。她在自己住的公寓里发现了一些奇怪的电线,之后找到了受雇安装这些电线的电话公司工人。政府官员对这些线索不加理会,反而公布了他们问讯过的伊斯马伊洛娃朋友们的姓名和住址。但伊斯马伊洛娃没有因此而气馁,她发誓要继续为其每晚的电台节目做报道。“如果他们想通过此举阻止我,那我向你保证,他们大错特错了,”伊斯马伊洛娃说,“他们没有得逞。”
  吉恩·鲍威尔:得克萨斯大学系统董事会主席
  哪种民粹派自由主义的煽动者会着手削减学费,将本科生教育的重要性置于大学研究之上,并推动招收更多出身低收入家庭的学生?而在得克萨斯大学,这位煽动者根本就不是自由主义者,而是一个保守的共和党人。2009年,鲍威尔被州长里克·佩里任命为得克萨斯大学董事会董事,2011年成为董事会主席。
  就在美国各州的教育开支普遍下降、学费上涨的时候,鲍威尔却以另一种形象出现,成为一项运动的倡导者,倡导重新思考大学如何创造性办学,以及如何借助教育技术来廉价办学。他呼吁将学费减半并扩大招生规模。现年66岁的鲍威尔是一位房地产开发商和科技企业家,他响应州长佩里的提议,希望在得克萨斯大学系统内设立一种学位,四年学费总计仅为一万美元。
  不出意料,鲍威尔的改革计划引起了轩然大波。得克萨斯大学的领头羊奥斯汀分校(鲍威尔的母校)的反对者称,如果不提高学费收入来弥补预算削减,该校过去和未来作为一所顶级研究型大学的声誉将岌岌可危。奥斯汀分校的一位前任校长告诫说,这些改革建议可能将该校变成“一所大型的专科院校”。
  鲍威尔把总花费需一万美元的学位比作雪佛兰贝尔·艾尔,与之相对的是高端的凯迪拉克,但他这么做无济于事。(后来,他解释说自己指的是地区分校需要不那么昂贵的学位。)当然,这种说法引发了人们对不公平的担忧。不过,如今这个时代,太多学生只能将就接受尤格汽车品质的教育,此时一种货真价实的贝尔·艾尔品质的教育可能预示着进步。
  法齐娅·库菲:阿富汗议会议员
  在阿富汗,勇敢、乐观与愚蠢三者之间的区别有时很难说得清。在过去的几个月中,库菲身上体现了以上所有三点。她是议会议员,是带着两个女儿的寡妇,也是2014年的总统候选人。
  37岁的库菲以反对腐败和保障妇女权益为纲领,开始了一次异想天开的选战,竞争现任总统哈米德·卡尔扎伊的职位。库菲的父亲也是位政界人士,1978年被暗杀,就在前苏联入侵阿富汗之前。刺客已经在跟踪库菲,即便她能够活到选举那一天,既无权势又少支持者的她也注定在票选中机会渺茫。
  战争已经粉碎了阿富汗人的权利,不论男人还是女人,而如果候选人在多数人眼中只捍卫其中一个性别群体——而且是明显受到压迫的阿富汗妇女群体——那么这不是选举胜利的好兆头。道义上的胜利是另外一回事。在阿富汗,仅剩的崇高事业都是那些注定要以失败告终的事业。
  1. huddle [?h?d(?)l] vi. 聚在一起,会面
  2. file for:提出申请
  3. median [?mi?di?n] n. 中位数,中值
  4. shade [?e?d] n.〈美〉遮阳窗帘
  5. ramification [?r?m?f??ke??(?)n] n. 后果;衍生物
  6. lead [li?d] n. 线索,头绪
  7. board of regents:(大学)董事会
  8. fireband [?fa??(r)?br?nd] n. 煽动(叛乱)者
  9. champion [?t??mpi?n] n. 提倡者,拥护者
  10. make waves:引起风波,引起混乱
  11. flagship [?fl?ɡ???p] n. 佼佼者,最重要者
  12. alma mater:母校
  13. chevy bel air:雪佛兰贝尔·艾尔,雪佛兰经典敞篷车,被称为雪佛兰价格的凯迪拉克。
  14. specter [?spekt?(r)] n. 萦绕心头的恐惧(或忧虑)
  15. harbinger [?hɑ?(r)b?nd??(r)] n. 先锋,先驱
  16. settle for:将就,只好如此
  17. yugo:尤格汽车,产于前南斯拉夫,价格低廉但质量差,在进入美国市场后饱受批评。
  18. parliamentarian [?pɑ?(r)l?men?te?ri?n] n. 国会议员;富有经验的议员
  19. platform [?pl?t?f??(r)m] n. 〈美〉(竞选的)纲领,政纲,宣言
  20. quixotic [kw?k?s?t?k] adj. 堂吉诃德式的,空想不切实际的
  21. hamid karzai:哈米德·卡尔扎伊(1957~),2004年当选阿富汗伊斯兰共和国首任总统,2009年竞选连任总统成功。
  22. conspicuously [k?n?sp?kj??sli] adv. 明显地;显著地
  23. bode [b??d] vi. 预示
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