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拒绝享乐主义的“唆麻”

原文作者:夏辉

 阿道司·赫胥黎(aldous huxley, 1894~1963),英国作家,出生于萨里郡的名门:父亲是编辑兼诗人,母亲是批评家马修·阿诺德(matthew arnold)的侄女,著有《天演论》(evolution and ethics)的大生物学家托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎(thomas henry huxley)是他的祖父。赫胥黎从小受到良好的教育,早年入伊顿公学,打算从事医学,因严重眼疾而辍学,后入牛津大学攻读文学并开始创作诗歌。赫胥黎学识渊博,作品众多,共创作11部长篇小说、7部短篇小说集、9部诗集,同时还创作了剧本、文艺评论、游记、传记,以及哲学、宗教、政治、科学等各类散文。他的作品内容包罗万象,涉及现代文明的各个重要方面。让他名留青史的小说《美丽新世界》(brave new world)发表于1932年,与乔治·奥威尔(george orwell)的《1984》(1984)、叶夫根尼·扎米亚京(yevgeny zamyatin)的《我们》(we)并称为“反乌托邦”三大经典作品。赫胥黎于1963年11月22日去世,享年69岁。[论文网] 
   excerpts1)
  a squat grey building of only thirty-four stories. over the main entrance the words, central london hatchery and conditioning centre, and, in a shield, the world state’s motto, community, identity, stability.
   the enormous room on the ground floor faced towards the north. cold for all the summer beyond the panes, for all the tropical heat of the room itself, a harsh thin light glared through the windows, hungrily seeking some draped lay2) figure, some pallid shape of academic goose-flesh, but finding only the glass and nickel and bleakly shining porcelain of a laboratory. wintriness3) responded to wintriness. the overalls of the workers were white, their hands gloved with a pale corpse-coloured rubber. the light was frozen, dead, a ghost. only from the yellow barrels of the microscopes did it borrow a certain rich and living substance.
   “and this,” said the director4) opening the door, “is the fertilizing room.”
  bent over their instruments, three hundred fertilizers were plunged, as the director of hatcheries and conditioning entered the room, in the scarcely breathing silence, the absent-minded, soliloquizing5) hum or whistle, of absorbed concentration. a troop of newly arrived students, very young, pink and callow, followed nervously, rather abjectly6), at the director’s heels. each of them carried a notebook, in which, whenever the great man spoke, he desperately scribbled. straight from the horse’s mouth7). it was a rare privilege.
   “just to give you a general idea,” he would explain to them. for of course some sort of general idea they must have, if they were to do their work intelligently—though as little of one, if they were to be good and happy members of society, as possible. for particulars, as every one knows, make for virtue and happiness; generalities are intellectually necessary evils.
   “tomorrow,” he would add, smiling at them with a slightly menacing geniality8), “you’ll be settling down to serious work. you won’t have time for generalities. meanwhile …”

  tall and rather thin but upright, the director advanced into the room. he had a long chin and big rather prominent teeth, just covered, when he was not talking, by his full, floridly curved lips. old, young? thirty? fifty? fifty-five? it was hard to say. and anyhow the question didn’t arise; in this year of stability, a. f.

6329), it didn’t occur to you to ask it.
   “i shall begin at the beginning,” said the d.h.c. and the more zealous students recorded his intention in their notebooks: begin at the beginning. “these,” he waved his hand, “are the incubators.” and opening an insulated door he showed them racks upon racks of numbered test-tubes. “the week’s supply of ova10). kept,” he explained, “at blood heat; whereas the male gametes11),” and here he opened another door, “they have to be kept at thirty-five instead of thirty-seven. full blood heat sterilizes.”
   still leaning against the incubators he gave them, while the pencils scurried illegibly across the pages, a brief description of the modern fertilizing process; spoke first, of course, of its surgical introduction; continued with some account of the technique for preserving the excised ovary12) alive and actively developing; passed on to a consideration of optimum temperature, salinity13), viscosity14); referred to the liquor in which the detached and ripened eggs were kept; and, leading his charges to the work tables, actually showed them how this liquor was drawn off from the test-tubes; how it was let out drop by drop onto the specially warmed slides of the microscopes; how the eggs which it contained were inspected for abnormalities, counted and transferred to a porous receptacle; how (and he now took them to watch the operation) this receptacle was immersed in a warm bouillon15) containing free-swimming spermatozoa16)—at a minimum concentration of one hundred thousand per cubic centimetre, he insisted; and how, after ten minutes, the container was lifted out of the liquor and its contents re-examined; how, if any of the eggs remained unfertilized, it was again immersed, and, if necessary, yet again; how the fertilized ova went back to the incubators; where the alphas and betas17) remained until definitely bottled; while the gammas, deltas and epsilons were brought out again, after only thirty-six hours, to undergo bokanovsky’s process.
   “bokanovsky’s process,” repeated the director, and the students underlined the words in their little notebooks.
   one egg, one embryo18), one adult—normality. but a bokanovskified egg will bud, will proliferate, will divide. from eight to ninety-six buds, and every bud will grow into a perfectly formed embryo, and every embryo into a full-sized adult. making ninety-six human beings grow where only one grew before. progress.

 “essentially,” the d.h.c. concluded, “bokanovskification consists of a series of arrests of development. we check the normal growth and, paradoxically enough, the egg responds by budding.”
   responds by budding. the pencils were busy.
  1. 节选部分是书中第一章的开头部分,主要讲述的是新世界的中央伦敦孵化与条件设置中心主任带领学生参观并讲解新世界里的公民在实验室里的诞生过程。WwW.11665.coM
  2. lay [le?] adj. 外行的,非专业性的
  3. wintriness [?w?ntrin?s] n. 寒冷,冷淡,冷漠
  4. the director:即中央伦敦孵化与条件设置中心主任(director of hatcheries and conditioning,简称为d.h.c.),也是赏析中提到的“野蛮人”约翰的亲生

父亲。
   5. soliloquize [s??l?l?kwa?z] vt. 自言自语地说
  6. abjectly [??bd?ektli] adv. 卑躬屈膝地;怯懦地
  7. from the horse’s mouth:从相关人士或权威人士那里直接得到(的信息)
  8. geniality [?d?i?ni??l?ti] n. 和蔼可亲,友善;真诚
  9. a. f. 632:福特632年。书中的新世界采用福特纪年法,以福特t型车出产的时间1908年作为福特元年,因此这里的福特632年实则为2540年。
  10. ovum [???v?m] n. [动]卵,卵细胞(ova为其复数形式)
  11. gamete [?ɡ?mi?t] n. 配子
  12. ovary [???v?ri] n. [解]卵巢
  13. salinity [s??l?n?ti] n. 盐度,盐浓度,盐渍度
  14. viscosity [v??sk?s?ti] n. 黏滞度
  15. bouillon [?bu?j?n] n. 肉羹培养基,一种细菌培养基
  16. spermatozoon [?sp??m?t??z???n] n. [生]精子(spermatozoa为其复数形式)
  17. alphas and betas:阿尔法与贝塔,指的是书中新世界里的高种姓,后文提到的伽马、德尔塔和伊普西龙(gammas, deltas and epsilons)则是新世界里的低种姓。新世界用这五个希腊字母称呼不同的种姓。
   18. embryo [?embri??] n. 胚胎
  作品赏析
  在日常生活中,我们常常能够听到有人在哀叹不幸:物质没有保障,身体不够健康,没有合适的伴侣。赫胥黎笔下的美丽新世界则承诺了一个没有以上任何一种烦恼的“幸福世界”。这个世界设定在公元2540年。新世界采用“福特纪年法”,将1908年设定为福特元年。这一年,福特公司的t型车上市,标志着流水装配线大规模投入生产。对新世界而言,流水线的重要意义在于,它不仅批量生产商品,而且大规模“制造”公民。新世界的公民早已摆脱了“十月怀胎,一朝分娩”的自然生殖方式,他们诞生在瓶子里,自胚胎期就被划分为五个社会阶层,并根据未来社会角色的需求历经含氧量控制、激光照射、条件限制、催眠教育等工序,之后整齐划一地走下流水线。新世界里的公民们不必担心缺乏物质保障,因为在新世界里,每个人都有工作,而且每个人都安于自己的岗位。他们也不必担心没有伴侣,因为新世界鼓励性的开放与自由。他们也不必担心健康问题,国家为他们提供医疗,而且由于催眠教育的成果,新世界的公民并不畏惧死亡。最妙的是,新世界里有消除烦恼、保证快乐的万用灵药——唆麻。偶尔有烦心时刻,只需吞下一颗唆麻药片,立刻烦恼尽除。
   在这个将“社会,本分,稳定”奉为生存格言的新世界里,享乐和狂欢变成生活的常态。新世界充满了绵绵不绝的合成音乐和香味、令人酥麻陶醉的感官电影,以及保证快乐的唆麻药丸,这里完全是没有“苦恼”的“天堂”。但是,在这个世界里,依然有人成为异类,自觉选择了烦恼的人生。他就是小说的男主人公——“野蛮人”约翰。
   约翰之所以被称为“野蛮人”,是因为他的出生地不是胚胎工厂,而是野蛮人保留地。野蛮人保留地由于气候或地理条件不佳,被新世界认为是不值得花费工夫去实现“文明化”的地区。因此,这些地区没有运用上美丽新世界的享乐技术。约翰的父母都来自新世界。当他们在野蛮人保留地度假时,母亲琳达不慎走失,又意外发现自己怀孕,无法再回到以胎生为耻的新世界,只好留在保留地,在被遗忘的无助中产下了约翰。
   生长在保留地的约翰从小听母亲琳达讲述新世界的无限美好,却不曾亲身体验。陪伴约翰长大的只有一本残破的《威廉·莎士比亚全集》。在孤独的成长岁月中,《罗密欧与朱丽叶》向他展示初恋的美好,《哈姆雷特》引他思考生死的抉择。后来,约翰遇到了从新世界来到保留地旅游的“文明人”伯纳·马克思。当伯纳发现约翰的生父是与自己有过节的主任时,他便想到将约翰带到新世界里,以此来羞辱主任。听到伯纳要带自己去新世界的消息时,约翰脱口而出:“啊!美丽的新世界!”这句话是莎士比亚的戏剧《暴风雨》中女主人公米兰达的台词。自幼跟父亲在孤岛长大的米兰达美丽而天真,第一次看到外来世界的人群时发出了这样的赞叹,却完全不知外来世界中人物间权力与控制的复杂纠葛。同样天真的“野蛮人”约翰抱着同样的向往和好奇走进了美丽新世界。
   然而,走进新世界的约翰却发现,美丽新世界的居民远非他想象的模样。自己心仪的少女只知身体的欢愉,却不懂朱丽叶式的忠贞与承诺。新世界到处都是面目相同的醉生梦死之人,他们从不关心“生存还是死亡”的问题,活像《奥赛罗》中说得那样,像“山羊和猴子”般愚蠢。随约翰重返新世界的母亲琳达自返回之日起就选择整日与唆麻为伴,不肯从幸福的迷梦中苏醒,终于在极乐的幻觉中走完一生。为此,悲伤又愤怒的约翰大闹唆麻分发现场,企图唤醒人们,让他们摆脱这种定制的“幸福生活”,但却因此遭到流放。他在流放的隐居之所禁欲苦修,却引来了大批新世界公民的围观。在只懂得娱乐、狂欢的人们眼中,苦修的仪式不过是另一种玩耍的新花样。最终,约翰只能用自杀来表达对这个世界的抵抗。
   在古希腊时代,哲学家色诺芬在《回忆苏格拉底》中曾经讲述过一则名叫“赫拉克雷斯的选择”的故事。故事中,赫拉克雷斯由孩童成长为青年,即将开始独立生活。一日,他正在思考自己未来的人生道路时,忽见迎面走来两个妇人:一个端庄,一个媚惑。媚惑的妇人先开了口,许诺带领他经由最便捷、最舒适的道路通向快乐,无需劳心费神,便可饱览声色;端庄的妇人也向他承诺幸福,但指出放荡狂欢只会带来虚无,只有勤劳才能换来幸福。转述故事的苏格拉底并没有指明赫拉克雷斯最终作出了何种选择,只是告诉听故事的人:“你把这些事放在心上,对你当前的生活好好地加以考虑,那是值得的。”
   在赫胥黎《美丽新世界》所构筑的乌托邦中,被胚胎工厂定制出来的人们从来不需要赫拉克雷斯式的选择。他们的人生自动被引导到了媚惑的妇人所指引的路上。美国社会学家尼尔·波兹曼在名作《娱乐至死》一书中警告生活在媒体时代的我们,赫胥黎预言的美丽新世界正在日渐成为现实。正如赫胥黎在《美丽新世界》里所预言的,导致人们失去自由的不是强权,而是令人炫目的科技所创造的虚幻世界。人们会深深沉溺于工业技术所提供的唆麻式的产品中,比如多姿多彩的电视节目、各式各样的电脑游戏等,从而忘记现实的烦恼,放弃自由的思想、负责任的行动以及独立的选择。
   是选择享乐主义,生活在唆麻式娱乐所支撑的美丽新世界,还是选择自主的思考与判断,清醒面对或许充满艰辛和痛苦的人生?这或许是活在娱乐时代的我们站在赫拉克雷斯式的岔路口所必须思考的问题。
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