xplain why people employ indirectness while conveying what they mean. In addition, different societies may operate maxims in different ways. There must be some apparent exceptions in actual communication that Cooperative Principle cannot explain. Therefore Leech proposes to supplement Grice’s Cooperative Principle with the Politeness Principle (PP for short). The strategies are summarized below:
Tact:
a). Minimize cost to other.
b). Maximize benefit to other.
Generosity:
a). Minimize benefit to self.
b). Maximize cost to self.
Approbation:
a). Minimize dispraise of other.
b). Maximize praise of other.
Modesty:
a). Minimize praise of self.
b). Maximize dispraise of self.
Agreement:
a). Minimize disagreement between self and other.
b). Maximize agreement between self and other.
Sympathy:
a). Minimize antipathy between self and other.
b). Maximize sympathy between self and other.[16]
Altogether, the maxims are said to “save” the Cooperative Principle, they explain what happens in the case when it is breached.
Example:
Forrest: I only caught five.
Boat Salesman: A couple more and you can have yourself a cocktail.
…[17]
This is a dialogue in the movie Forrest Gump. Although Bubba tells Forrest everything about shrimping, but Forrest still finds that shrimping is tough. One day, he only catches five after a-whole-day hard working. The boat salesman just makes a joke to Forrest in order to cheer him up. Meanwhile, he also tells Forrest a fact that Forrest catches too little. It is an instance of politeness according to the Politeness Principle.

4.2 The Irony Principle
According to Leech, irony is a second-order principle that builds on or exploits the Politeness Principle. The Irony Principle (IP for short) may be stated in a general form as follows:
“If you must cause offence, at least do so in a way which doesn’t overtly conflict with the Politeness Principle,[转贴于:论文大全网 https://www.11665.com/Foreignlanguage/langageculture/201103/53598.html]

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