abstract
terse words, vivid images, copious emotions and profound thoughts were the outstanding features of the old man and the sea. the novella was one of    hemingway’s masterpieces, which solidly confirmed the renown of him and made him one of the most influential writers in american history.
in this novel, two opposites existing side by side depended on each other and were unified, namely, hemingway created the delightful characters and plots. on the other hand, he created tragic ambience in the whole novel. people could find the plot of tragedy from the old man. at the same time, they could also feel the inspiring strength from him; the big marlin lived in the gulf stream, a place far away from the old man, but it was doomed to be a tragedy when the old man went far out. it fought against the old man for three days and nights which was also inspiring.
this thesis has analyzed the old man and the big marlin separately to demonstrate that they contained both delightful and tragic facets,  which brought about the novel’s success and novelty. the combination of the two facets was the soul of the whole story and gave the novel oneness.
key words
tragedy; delightfulness; failure; success
 
摘   要
海名威以其简洁的文字，鲜明的形象，丰富的感情和深刻的思想成就了著名的《老人与海》。wWW.11665.CoM牢固确立了他在美国历史上的地位，使他成为美国历史上最具影响的作家之一。
小说中存在两个对立面，这两个对立面同时也是相互依存、统一的。即海明威在作品创作中既创造了让人感到振奋的角色和情节，又让其带有了一定的悲剧色彩。人们从老人身上既能读出悲哀的情节，也能感到一股鼓舞人心的力量；大马林鱼生活在遥远的海湾，它碰上了老人是它命运的悲剧，但它与老人三天三夜的拼搏精神也是鼓舞人心的。
本课题分别对小说中的老人、大马林鱼做了详细的分析，论证了老人、大马林鱼集悲喜于一体，展示了小说的成功之处和新颖之处，这样的悲与喜相结合是小说的灵魂，赋予了小说统一性。
关键词
  悲剧性；令人愉快；失败；胜利
 
introduction
hemingway's story began by depicting the interaction between the two primary characters as they prepared their fishing gear for the following day near a gulf stream harbor in 1940’s. the opening profile was santiago, the “old man” in the title, and the character throughout the story. he was a cuban fisherman, described as being old in every way except his eyes, which “were the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated”（hemingway, 4）. although santiago had not caught a fish for eighty-four days, he ignored the jeers and pity of other fishermen, and returned to the sea in his skiff day after day. santiago's attitude seemed to be that although he was faced with tragedy -- as everyone was sooner or later in life -- he would not cease struggling. relying on memories of his youth, news of the great dimaggio's recovery from injury, and thoughts of the boy, santiago had the courage to resolutely go on taking pains throughout the story. by struggling against a big marlin for three days and nights, he finally killed it. but several groups of sharks frequently attacked the dead marlin on the way. he did not take the whole of it back at last but just its head, tail and the whole spine.  
this novel has been studied by so many people and given different perspectives as follows:
iceberg theory embodied in the old man and the sea:“one eighths of an iceberg is above the water, while seven eighths is underneath the water. profound levels of meaning and strong emotions will not enchant you until you dive into the water”(guo xiaozheng, 15).
analysis on metaphor used in the novel:“ernest hemingway employed metaphors. in the novels that ernest hemingway wrote, he used metaphors to reflect his life experiences and opinions. he believed that in life everyone must find their own niche and used the metaphor of the ocean and the boats on it to demonstrate this”(gao wei, 78).
the role of manolin and his relationship with santiago:“conversations between santiago and manolin were added to the beginning and the end of the fishing tale. the conversational frame established a relationship between manolin and santiago which made santiago complete his significant exploration and return with marlin carcass”(tao jie,120).
the old man was the incarnation of christ:“ the old man had experienced two processes of being nailed by the crucifix. these plots showed he had no difference with that of christ”(wu lao, 4).
analysis of heroism reflected in the old man and the sea:“ he hooked a big marlin. this was one of his successes. he drove away the sharks from time to time on his way home even though his fish was almost eaten up by the sharks. this was his second success-- the success in spirit”(gao wei, 80).
studies about these aspects mentioned above were really deep and comprehensive. they gave a lot of references to readers and helped them with comprehension this novel. the opinions were reasonable, receivable and valuable. however, few people have talked about the tragic ambience blended harmoniously in this novel. they had even ignored one thing-- everything has double characters. this novel was actually a combination of the tragic and delightful facet. the characters in the story contained the two aspects which were oppositions in logic, but unity seen from the whole story. so this thesis will give the novel new soul and provide another way of appreciating it to millions of readers.
 
ⅰ. the tragic ambience in the old man and the sea
hemingway used terse language to describe a real story, vivid images and wonderful plot. the story still contained a lot of tragic things although the old man had succeeded in spirit at last and his spirit was inspiring and valuable to people. the old man and the big fish were two separate individuals which were closely related. their fate could not be separated from each other. they had tragic destiny because of the affection to each other from their existence. they were both tragic characters in the whole story and made people feel sentimental in that circumstances. additionally, hemingway created this ambience unconsciously because his life was filled with tragedies. so it showed one aspect of the author's life and could not be separated from it.
a. analysis of the old man for the tragic ambience.
1. the tragic ambience could be found in the old man’s daily life.
"the tail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat"(hemingway, 4). the style of the tail described by hemingway reflected that santiago was in straitened circumstances. he lived in a shack that "was made of the tough bud shields of the royal palm in which there was just a bed, a table, one chair, and a place on the dirt floor to cook with charcoal"(hemingway, 10). the shack was so small that his mast was nearly as long as it. this living condition made people feel miserable. the old man's wife had died several years ago which could be inferred from the story. the shack looked more forlorn and the old man felt lonelier because he lived in it alone. once there was a photograph of his wife on the wall. he did not want to look at it because it made him feel lonely so that he had to put it away to avoid sorrow.
he could not depend on any one even though he did not hook a fish for eighty four days in such a loveless circumstance. he had no money to buy food and could not afford the cost to eat in the restaurant as other people did. fortunately, manolin, the young boy santiago taught to fish from the age of five,still took care of the old man after he left. this kind of life was so pathetic that no one, who had heard his present condition, could feel at ease for him.
as santiago, alone in his boat, rowed out to the sea, he saw twice a bird. the second time he saw it, he uttered some words to let the bird stay with him so that it could be his friend on the sea to accompany him. this showed that he was lonely in his boat and how eager he was to have a companion even if it was just a bird. however, he did not keep the bird staying with him. it flew away when the line jerked and the old man had not even seen it go. in addition, it was a principle for the fishermen that people should not speak any word except when it was necessary. the old man broke this principle by speaking aloud several times unconsciously to the bird, the marlin, the sharks and himself .this was also tragic ambience during the period when he was on the sea.
2. the tragic nature--people and objects around the old man brought to him.
most of the fishermen considered the sea as a while the old man considered it as a female. he thought it was gentle and soft and forgave the wild or wicked things it sometimes had done. but it was unimaginable that it was the sea which he loved all along that brought groups of sharks continuously on his way home. the sharks followed him by blood of the dead fish and ate the fish indomitably. moreover, they were ruthlessly destroyed the achievement of the old man gradually. was this the favor that the sea had done the old man? he was a winner originally if these hateful sharks did not come to attack his fish, but the fact always came in a way that people did not expect. all that the sea brought to him was the things which made him an entire failure from a great success.
the sea gave him a temptation that there would be several good days on the sea and it was advantageous for a fisherman to sail out with the ocean current. the old man thought it was a good chance to hook a big fish evidently. he planed to go out with the help of the ocean current and then came back home several days later. he did so. to his gratification, he did hook a big marlin. however, he sailed too far and he had no assistant so that he could not protect the fish when the sharks sent by the sea attacked it. he was destined to be a failure because of the seducement of the sea. this was a tragedy of the old man.
another one was the leaving of manolin,a young boy whom santiago taught to fish. manolin had fished with santiago when he was 5 years old. manolin was santiago's only loyal friend, always willing to obtain meals, coffee, and bait for the penniless old man, and, more importantly, to provide companionship. despite his work in another boat manolin still cared for the old man. he helped the old man a lot in the daily life such as eating, drinking, and he could only did this because he was forced to leave the old man by his parents citing the old man's fishless streak as the worst form of unluckiness. people around the old man had to do this to keep their lives going on although their work was endless. no one could care about this action and think it over. they were just busy with their own matters coldly and ruthlessly. the old man had to sail far out without the boy. he felt lonely and sometimes helpless on the sea. "i wish i had the boy (hemingway, 41)”, "if the boy were here  (hemingway, 61)”, were the old man's often-said sentences when he was on the sea. he needed the boy to be his companion to talk with him when it was necessary and he also needed the boy to be his assistant when he needed help. so the leaving of manolin and the ruthlessness of people around were the necessity to formation the old man's tragedy.

 
3. the old man’s tragic ending.
    the first tragic result that he received was to be sneered by the other fishermen in the terrace after his eighty four days of failure in hooking fish. these young people were not warm to him. he was just a joke in their eyes. how about the older fishermen? hemingway said in this novel like this:" others, of the older fishermen, looked at him and were sad. but they did not show it and they spoke politely about the current and the depths they had drifted their lines at and the steady good weather and of what they had seen (hemingway, 3)”. though the older fishermen felt sad for him, what they did was not to comfort and encourag him, but to avoid talking about it. maybe they did not want to show their fear about this truth. maybe they feared facing the same situation one day. in a word, there was no one sympathizing with him except the boy.
the second tragic result he got was that he had not taken the whole fish back. the old man was pulled by the big marlin for three days and nights. he killed it at last because of his insistence. this was a perfect result. but this was not the final result. he was fermenting his own tragedy when he killed it. this tragedy took place when the groups of sharks came to attack the big fish. he had not taken the whole fish back home but just a head, a tail and the whole spine although he used all his strength to fight against the sharks and drove them away. going far out for three days and nights, dealing with the big marlin for three days and nights, fighting against the groups of sharks on his way home, the old man got nothing at last. was not it a tragedy?
b. analysis of the big marlin for tragic ambience
the big marlin lived in the place far from the shore of gulf stream. people seldom sailed far out to the sea. so it lived in this vast beautiful area and enjoyed freedom. it was growing stronger and stronger in this environment and would originally live happily until its death. however, the old man's sailing out changed its fate. this was the fish's tragedy. the marlin was a clever fish which had stratagems. it struggled against the old man for three days and nights working continuously. but the tragedy was that the old man it happened to meet with was a well-prepared and indomitable man so that it was inevitable for the fish to escape. this was the miserable scene:" the old man dropped the line and put his foot on it and lifted the harpoon as high as he could and drove it down with all his strength", " he felt the iron go in and he leaned on it and drove it further and then pushed all his weight after it(hemingway, 97)”. however, this was not miserable enough.
it was bound to the skiff after it died because it was too long to be put into the skiff. this was the beginning of its bad luck. it was attacked by the sharks four times. in the first attack, the marlin was bit in the flesh just above the tail and the old man could hear the clicking chop of the shark's teeth and "the noise of skin and flesh ripping on the big fish (hemingway, 77)”. the marlin lost about 40 pounds of the meat this time. in the second attack, the two sharks bit the marlin ferociously on its body which caused the skiff’s quake continuously. the marlin lost about 1/4 of its meat this time. in the third attack, the old man let the shark bite the big fish in order to kill the shark accurately. in the last attack, one of the sharks "opened his jaws and sank them into the silver side of the fish (hemingway, 87)". the other shark "came in again with his jaws wide. the old man could see pieces of the meat of the fish spilling white from the corner of his jaws (hemingway, 87)". after this attack, the big fish lost half of its flesh and had only a head, a big tail and the white naked backbone left. it suffered several attacks after its death, which was so miserable that everyone would cover his eyes at the first sight he saw the scene. what a tragic fate it had!
c. the tragic ambience connected with the author's life
hemingway had participated in world warⅰand world warⅱwhich changed his opinion of the society. he felt that the world was filled with violence and illusive things. so he created santiago to express this feeling and let santiago have a tragic fate. he had also participated in the spanish civil war and the world warⅱ, by taking part in the d-day invasion of france. he was awarded bronze medal for wwii. he settled near havana, cuba, where he wrote "the old man and the sea" (1953), for which he received a pulitzer prize and the nobel prize in literature.

war wounds, two plane crashes, three broken marriages, and several other affairs distressed hemingway. he was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and insomnia in his later years. his mental condition was exacerbated by chronic alcoholism, diabetes and liver failure. after an unsuccessful treatment with electro-convulsive therapy, he suffered severe amnesia, and his condition worsened. the loss of memory obstructed his writing and daily life. he committed suicide in 1961(dong hengzhuan, 56).

hemingway expirenced a lot and received a lot. he made contributions to the society. but he also suffered a lot in the end. so we can see his life was really a tragedy. it was natural that his works were permeated tragic ambience. this was the reflection of his thoughness in the novle.
ⅱ. the delightful facet in the old man and the sea
though the old man could not get anything through his struggling at last, we could learn a lot of things from him. though the big fish was killed by the old man and bit by the sharks, it showed valuable and noble character and morals to the people. people could feel sorry for their vicissitudes of life. at the same time, people learned philosophy from them. the old man was optimistic, confident and patient. the big marlin was insistent and indomitable. the boy was sensible and kind-hearted. to everyone's gratification, the old man succeeded in spirit. he was still a hero in people's hearts in the fact that everyone had flaws. if a man admitted his flaws and tried his best to overcome it, he was a winner no matter what he got at last. the success in spirit was also connected with the author's life.
a. the delightful facet from the old man
1. analysis of the old man's character
the old man was optimistic. he still talked about the baseball with manolin and went to the terrace to drink and chat though he was in a bad situation at that time. he used the lie to deal with the poor life. he still met the first sunshine every morning and went to fish on the sea no matter what the result was. he did not live on fishing, but fishing had already become part of his life and part of his memory. this was a true man, living, being tolerant to everything-- derision, solitude and even the leaving of the boy.
the old man was confident. his rich experience and skill of fishing acquired day by day made him confident. he believed that he would hook a big fish. he even wished to meet a group of fish which had lost their way. he left the sea shore and began his heroic voyage on the eighty fifth day.
the old man was patient. the fish which stayed in the 600 foot under the sea was clever. the fish under the quiet surface was competing with the patience against the old man and struggling against the old man as if this was the last moment of the peaceful world. the old man was enduring the danger bought by the fish. moreover, he was enduring hunger, exhaustion, fatigue, hurt and loneliness. he was overcoming the fish. moreover, he was overcoming himself. “fish”, he said softly, aloud, “i'll stay with you until i am dead.”(hemingway, 37) life, at this time, was not a wager, but contending.
2. the inspiring ending of the old man
human nature is valiant. but man has a limited extension of this nature. the old man challenged this limitation again and again, the limitation expanded again and again, and the bigger challenge was put in front of human again and again. in this sense, santiago had already become a hero whom we should honor no matter whether he had succeeded or not because what he had brought to people was the noblest confidence. he knew that the fish would leave its blood in the water after it was killed, and the blood would lead a lot of sharks. but he still insisted on doing that in order to uphold his dignity, the human's dignity. maybe this was the real meaning that humans were living for.
the old man was a real hero." ' he was eighteen feet from nose to tail', the fisherman who was measuring him called (hemingway, 94) ". the old man was a failure in the aspect of material, but he succeeded in the aspect of his spirit, his confidence, his dignity and his courage trying his best to fight against the fate. living according to his own code of behavior, accepting the natural order and cycle of life, struggling and enduring and redeeming his individual existence through his life’s work, and passing on to the next generation everything of value that he has gained, santiago became a standard figure (an archetypal representation of the human condition).
3. the delightful facet shown by the boy's coming back
the boy was the old man's phase of young age in his subconsciousness. it was the boy that had given santiago encouragement and strength while he was on the sea. he had remembered the boy several times on the sea and he really needed the boy so much. so the boy came back to him at last after santiago endured loneliness, suffering and failure." ‘the hell with luck,' the boy said. ' i'll bring the luck with me' (hemingway, 96) ". he did not care what his parents said any longer. the boy's coming back showed that he disregarded the authority of his parents and the superstition for luck that the fisherman always believed in. it also showed that the boy was becoming mature under the old man's inspiration. the old man could feel the happiness and hope out of this failure.
b. the big fish’s noble character and morals

santiago had not hooked a fish for eighty four days. but he was not upset and continued to go out. finally, he met with his opponent--- the big marlin, which was a hero in the fish as the old man was in the human being. it pulled the skiff far away from the sea shore and struggled against him decisively. it persecuted the old man by torturing him and wrestled against\ the old man under the water for many days and nights, which caused the old man not to have a rest and nearly lose his strength.
the old man was great. so it was obvious to see another great thing that had been praised by the old man. in the novel, the old man said: “never have i seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer or nobler thing than you, brother (hemingway, 70) ". this was a high praise to it though it was killed by the old man and then bit by the sharks. its beauty and dignity could not disappear with its death. the white naked line of its backbone was also pretty and surprising to the people. so its death was solemn and stirring.
c. the success in spirit connected with the author’s life
hemingway was rejected for regular military service in world war i because of poor eyesight in his left eye, so he drove a red cross ambulance in italy, distributing chocolate to italian troops. while recuperating from serious wounds in a red cross hospital in milan, hemingway fell in love with nurse agnes von kurowsky, who later rejected him as he was too young.
as a foreign correspondent in paris, hemingway began to raise funds for the loyalist cause in spain. in 1937, he went to spain as a war correspondent covering the spanish civil war. when world war ii began, he volunteered to serve as a spotter for the u.s. navy, outfitting his own fishing boat, the pilar, to hunt for german submarines off the cuban coast.(dong hengzhuan, 59)
his life was meaningful and his experience had given him a lot of help with his works. however, after these experiences, there were 237 pieces of the bullet that had been ever left in his body. the hurt of the illness and the exhaustion of creativity for literature made him suffer a lot. his condition was the same as the old man. so he put the success in spirit forward to comfort himself which was also a good way to deal with his present situation.
ⅲ. the combination of the tragic facet and the delightful facet in the novella
the old unlucky poor man-- santiago had a tragic fate, but, at the same time, he was a winner who could not be defeated. when his big fish was eaten up by the sharks, he asked himself: “‘what beat you?' ------' nothing,' he said aloud, ' i went out too far' (hemingway, 92) ". the old man admitted his failure bravely. but he still believed his strength absolutely. he believed that he was still courageous although he was lost, and he believed that he was not defeated by the sharks in spirit because what had been exterminated was the sharks, not him. then he finished the surplus work calmly.
the big fish could live happily in the deep ocean originally but it was killed by the old man although it struggled for many days. it could not escape this kind of fate. this was the tragedy for it. however, hemingway showed its beauty and dignity during the whole process by describing its firmness and intelligence. it was nearly eaten up by the sharks after it was killed. but it’s beautiful backbone surprised people. hemingway combined its tragedy and noble quality together to form the complete fish.
according to the author's experiences, he had experienced a lot and made contribution to his country. in this sense, he was also a hero. however, he was defeated by the pain of the illness. his health was worsening day by day. he finally shot himself to end this pain. in this novella, the author put his own image onto the old man-- santiago. he described santiago's tragedy, but emphasized that a man could be destroyed, but could not be defeated. he said santiago was a success in spirit, which was also the way he used to deal with his own fate.

conclusion
the combination of tragic facet and delightful facet was where the success of this novel lay which made the novel a masterpiece in hemingway’s articles. this writing style was so special and atractive that it showed hemingway’s lofty and productive thinking. this style made an indelible impresion on readers’ minds.
the author created several tragic characters in this novel, for example, the old man--santiago, the big marlin and so on, which had miserable fate. all of the plots and circumstances included tragic ambience and everyone would feel sad for the characters’ sufferings. as a matter of fact, this was not totally a tragic story although it included such a tragic atmosphere. at the same time, hemingway’s description of the whole story showed another aspect-- the delightful facet of all the tragic characters. people could learn a lot of theories from them and be encouraged by their morale.

as the proverb goes:“every coin has two sides”. hemingway arranged this novel according to the theory of marxism philosophy. firstly, the tragic facet and the delightful facet depended on each other. each side’s existence was the premise of the other’s existence and development. secondly, the tragic facet and the delightful facet were linked together. they existed in the story in the form of individuals but they had inner relationship with each other and were unified together by the whole plot in logic.
hemingway had several special experiences and he had also received great achievements on his literary work in his life. this was delightful facet in his life.then, on the other hand, he suffered a lot because of his illness. he could not continue his writing career any more. there’s nothing he could do about such a condition so that he committed suicide at last. this was the author’s tragic fate which was the same as the fate of santiago and the big marlin in the novel.
the words said by santiago and his action after he was defeated reflected hemingway's view of life and the principle of his behavior. success in spirit gave failures courage and dignity. this was the most reasonable cause for the style of the story and this naturally became the novella's soul of whole structure.
 
 

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